{"id":31931,"date":"2019-12-03T13:53:35","date_gmt":"2019-12-03T12:53:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fotc.com\/computerul-cuantic-google\/"},"modified":"2021-09-29T13:35:18","modified_gmt":"2021-09-29T11:35:18","slug":"computerul-cuantic-google","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fotc.com\/ro\/blog\/computerul-cuantic-google\/","title":{"rendered":"Computerul cuantic \u0219i Google? Intr\u0103m \u00een epoca suprema\u021biei cuantice?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Computerul cuantic sau este \u0219i va fi doar o chestiune de timp. Google se afl\u0103 \u00een prezent \u00een fruntea inova\u021biilor \u00een acest domeniu de cercetare \u2013 gigantul tehnologic din California a anun\u021bat recent crearea unui procesor care are poten\u021bialul de a revolu\u021biona la scar\u0103 larg\u0103 \u00eentreaga industrie IT.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Suprema\u021bia cuantic\u0103<\/h2>\n

Sistemul cuantic de calcul este rezultatul unei combina\u021bii \u00eentre dou\u0103 dintre cele mai mari revolu\u021bii tehnologice ale secolului trecut: progresul informatic \u0219i dezvoltarea mecanicii cuantice. Efectu\u00e2nd computa\u021bii bazate pe principiile mecanicii cuantice \u00een loc de logica binar\u0103, cu ajutorul unui calculator cuantic dob\u00e2ndim capacitatea de a efectua sarcini care p\u00e2n\u0103 acum erau imposibile.<\/p>\n

Bi\u021bi vs. qubi\u021bi<\/span><\/h3>\n

Tehnologia binar\u0103 din spatele unui computer clasic conven\u021bional const\u0103 \u00een faptul c\u0103 un bit poate avea valoarea de 1 sau 0 \u2013 nimic altceva. Avantajul bi\u021bilor cuantici – unitatea de m\u0103surare a tehnologiei cuantice, numi\u021bi \u0219i qubi\u021bi, se datoreaz\u0103 faptului c\u0103 ace\u0219tia pot r\u0103m\u00e2ne \u00eentr-o stare “indecis\u0103”, adic\u0103 pot con\u021bine simultan \u0219i 1 \u0219i valoarea 0, adic\u0103 o superpozi\u021bie. Datorit\u0103 acestui fapt, fiecare qubit con\u021bine mult mai multe informa\u021bii, chiar milioane.<\/p>\n

\"qubit\"<\/p>\n

Experimentul<\/span><\/h3>\n

Un obiectiv important \u00een \u00eencercarea de a crea un computer cuantic universal este definirea celei mai simple sarcini de calcul care dep\u0103\u0219e\u0219te competen\u021bele computerelor clasice. G\u0103sirea acestei limite de “suprema\u021bie cuantic\u0103” este un pas cheie spre crearea de procesoare puternice \u0219i utile \u2013 aceasta este provocarea de cercetare la care s-a \u00eencumetat Google.<\/p>\n

Pentru a confirma avantajul incontestabil al solu\u021biilor cuantice fa\u021b\u0103 de cele binare, a fost necesar s\u0103 se proiecteze un experiment computa\u021bional al c\u0103rui nivelul de complexitate va cre\u0219te treptat. Exper\u021bii Google au avut la dispozi\u021bie cel mai rapid supercomputer numit Summit (creat de IBM) \u0219i propriul procesor cuantic.<\/p>\n

\"summit<\/p>\n

Procesorul Sycamore de la Google<\/span> \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Sycamore este un procesor unui computer cuantic de 53 de qubi\u021bi care, \u00een timpul experimentului, a reu\u0219it s\u0103 fac\u0103 o evaluare invers\u0103 a probabilit\u0103\u021bii \u2013 a generat un \u0219ir de cifre aleatorii \u0219i a verificat dac\u0103 acestea au fost maxim aleatorii.<\/p>\n

Acest exerci\u021biu i-a luat doar 200 de secunde, \u00een timp de supercomputerul Summit bazat pe tehnologiile comune actuale ar fi avut nevoie de aproximativ 10.000 de ani pentru a finaliza acest proces. Pentru cine ar putea interesa, Summit putea calcula \u00eentr-o singur\u0103 secund\u0103 echivalentul a ce putea toat\u0103 omenirea \u00een 305 zile cu o vitez\u0103 de un om efectu\u00e2nd un calcul pe secund\u0103.<\/p>\n

Multe persoane au acceptat acest rezultat ca dovad\u0103 corect\u0103 a ob\u021binerii suprema\u021biei cuantice \u00een fa\u021ba unor tehnologii \u0219i computere clasice. Dar faptul c\u0103 Summit ar putea efectua acest calcul, de\u0219i mult mai lent, treze\u0219te incertitudinea unor oameni de \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103. Cu toate acestea, este greu s\u0103 nu admitem c\u0103 avantajul demonstrat de Sycamore fa\u021b\u0103 de Summit este impresionant.<\/p>\n

\"computer
Computerul cuantic Sycamore<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Utilizarea computerelor cuantice <\/span><\/h2>\n

Succesul acestui experiment demonstreaz\u0103 posibilit\u0103\u021bile aplic\u0103rii practice a unui computer cuantic \u00een industrie, tehnologie sau \u00een \u00eenv\u0103\u021barea automatizat\u0103 avansat\u0103. \u00cen acela\u0219i timp, reprezentan\u021bii proiectului de la Google au avertizat c\u0103 mai este un drum lung de parcurs \u00eenainte ca computa\u021biile cuantice s\u0103 poat\u0103 fi integrate \u00een via\u021ba de zi cu zi.<\/p>\n

Computerul cuantic Sycamore este programabil \u0219i, \u00een teorie, un computer cuantic folose\u0219te algoritmi cuantici cu aplica\u021bii mari. Grupul de ingineri \u0219i cercet\u0103tori Google \u00ee\u0219i continu\u0103 eforturile de a utiliza tehnologia \u00een simul\u0103ri de fizic\u0103 cuantic\u0103 \u0219i chimie, precum \u0219i de a aplica qubi\u021bii \u00een procesul de construire a AGI, adic\u0103 inteligen\u021b\u0103 artificial\u0103 avansat\u0103 (eng. Artificial General Intelligence).\u00a0Aceste computere cuantice sunt capabile de a performa \u0219i inova avantaje complexe \u00een domeniul quantum computing, cunoscut \u0219i sub numele de \u201dsuprema\u021bie cuantic\u0103\u201d.<\/p>\n

Planuri de viitor pentru computerul cuantic<\/span><\/h2>\n

Sycamore \u0219i-a dovedit cu siguran\u021b\u0103 utilitatea \u00een randomizare care este o resurs\u0103 foarte valoroas\u0103 \u00een \u0219tiin\u021bele informatice.\u00a0 Randomizarea cuantic\u0103 este un nou standard de randomizare \u2013 mai ales atunci c\u00e2nd, ca \u00een cazul de fa\u021b\u0103, are loc autoverificarea numerelor care certific\u0103 aleatoritatea cuantic\u0103 perfect\u0103. Testarea acestui algoritm este \u00eenc\u0103 \u00een curs de desf\u0103\u0219urare \u2013 probabil c\u0103 \u00een lunile urm\u0103toare vom auzi cercet\u0103torii vorbind despre primele sale aplica\u021bii \u00een industria IT.<\/p>\n

\u00cen extinderea competen\u021belor acestui computer cuantic, Google se bazeaz\u0103 pe ajutorul oamenilor de \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103. Compania inten\u021bioneaz\u0103 s\u0103 pun\u0103 procesoare cuantice la dispozi\u021bia cercet\u0103torilor academici \u0219i a corpora\u021biilor. Acestea vor fi interesate s\u0103 g\u0103seasc\u0103 noi modalit\u0103\u021bi de a dezvolta aceast\u0103 tehnologie. Dup\u0103 cum declar\u0103:<\/p>\n

“Oamenii de \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103 creativi sunt cel mai bun motor al inova\u021biei \u2013 acum c\u0103 avem noi resurse de calcul, sper\u0103m s\u0103 motiv\u0103m mul\u021bi cercet\u0103tori s\u0103 inventeze ceva util.”<\/p>\n

Exist\u0103 \u00eenc\u0103 o lips\u0103 de algoritmi care ar fi adapta\u021bi la procesoarele cuantice. Cu toate acestea, era acestor computere cuantice este vizibil\u0103 deja la orizont \u0219i nu exist\u0103 nici o \u00eendoial\u0103 c\u0103 va accelera dezvoltarea civiliza\u021biei noastre la un nivel f\u0103r\u0103 precedent.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Computerul cuantic sau este \u0219i va fi doar o chestiune de timp. Google se afl\u0103 \u00een prezent \u00een fruntea inova\u021biilor \u00een acest domeniu de cercetare \u2013 gigantul tehnologic din California a anun\u021bat recent crearea unui procesor care are poten\u021bialul de a revolu\u021biona la scar\u0103 larg\u0103 \u00eentreaga industrie IT.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10,"featured_media":19511,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_editorskit_title_hidden":false,"_editorskit_reading_time":0,"_editorskit_typography_data":[],"_editorskit_blocks_typography":"","_editorskit_is_block_options_detached":false,"_editorskit_block_options_position":"{}"},"categories":[562],"tags":[466,467,453],"yoast_head":"\nComputerul cuantic \u0219i Google? 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